What Is The Scientific Consensus On The Rate Of Global Warming And Its Causes

The world is undergoing various transformations directly and indirectly affecting its inhabitants. One characteristic of all living things is irritability. Irritability refers to the ability of living things to react to the environment as a result of change in natural or manmade stimuli.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What Is The Scientific Consensus On The Rate Of Global Warming And Its Causes? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This means that living things are very cautious of the environments within which they live. Any change in climatic pattern of the earth will affect one particular group of living things negatively and another particular group positively or in the same way. One major environmental problem that is witnessed on earth since human beings became cautious of it is global warming. Global warming has been a menace to the peaceful existence of man and to the natural functioning of the environment. Rising global temperatures, flooding, and rise in the water level are some of the effects linked with global warming. This predicament has been highlighted in various forums and round table meetings in an effort to find a lasting solution to its cause. However, despite several efforts to eliminate it, debates about its causes has for reason not reached an agreement in summits. One side points to human beings as the cause whereas the other points to nature as the cause. The question as to whether human beings are responsible for global warming or not and its agreeable rates can be answered well if the myths existing on the subject can be countered well with scientific facts. According to orld Almanac Books (25), the 21st century has been received by environmental challenges of global warming believed to have been inherited from manmade activities of the past generations and the present ones.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ever since the start of 20th century, the temperature of the globe has been intensifying with the major increase taking place in 1980s. This averaged increase in temperatures of the earth constitutes global warming. Because global warming has heightened in the recent years, it means that the condition is worsening with the current generation than in the past. This implies that there must be some activities, which have heightened the menace. Science has given global warming a detailed description of the process. Scientifically, the heating or warming of earth results from blanketing effects of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, water vapour, oxides of nitrogen gas, and methane gas. These greenhouse gases forms a covering on the upper part of the earth’s atmosphere, which traps the sun’s rays in the earth. Because of the covering or the blanketing effect of greenhouse gases, the earth warms up gra dually. The intensity of warming is directly related to the thickness or quantity of greenhouse gases (World Almanac Books 25). Thus, basing on the scientific information at hand, it means that the more the quantity of gases emitted into the atmosphere the thicker the layer of the blanket and the warmer the earth. Many arguments have been put forward to oppose or proposes the causes and rates of global warming. Majority of these arguments have been based on scientific postulations whereas other has been backed by some evidence. Hansen, Ruedy and Sato (12) note that in 2001, an Integrated Panel on Climatic Change (IPCC) came up with some general findings on global warming cuases and rates.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What Is The Scientific Consensus On The Rate Of Global Warming And Its Causes? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The panel attributed global warming to human activities and projected that the warm ing effects was increasing at the rate of 0.17oC per every 10 years since 1980s. IPCC also projected that the temperature of the earth has increased to about 0.8oC since the start of the 19th century. The panel further concluded that the activities of human beings are the main causes of global warming notably the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which accounted to more than 90% of the global warming phenomena. At the same time, IPCC projected an unprecedented increase in the earth’s temperatures will be witnessed on earth. According to this projection, the earth’s temperature will rise by 1.4 to 5.8oC between 1990 and 2100. Despite these agreements by IPCC, which is a panel of highly professional scientists, there are some arguments against the same. The first disagreement is based on carbon dioxide source. In the first place, there is a general agreement on carbon dioxide as being the cause of global warming. The National Academy of Science has agreed t o the same. However, the scientific opinion differs on the source of the carbon dioxide causing global warming (National Academic Press 51).Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One side explains that the carbon dioxide gas causing global warming come from the activities of human beings whereas the other side argues that the same carbon dioxide does not result from activities of human beings but rather from natural geological activities such as volcanic eruption. The argument goes on further to explain that human activities cannot cause a release of carbon dioxide on a global scale that affects the environment to the extent of causing the global temperatures to rise to more than 5oC, which is contrary to the IPCC’s postulation. The argument in opposing the activities of human beings as the cause of carbon dioxide responsible for global warming has scientific backing but has been misconstrued. Although it is true that natural process on earth releases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the amount released is quickly used up through a balanced symbiotic process. According to National Academic Press (52), this explains why the earth has remained stable i n terms of temperature for thousands of years before the activities of man were heightened. In fact, the earth temperature rose to 0.7 degrees after the start of industrial activity (Hansen, Ruedy and Sato 11). Human activities on earth are responsible for addition of carbon dioxide in the air. For instance, fossil fuel utilized in aviation industry burns up to give out energy and carbon dioxide gas. Energy is used to drive the car but the carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Furthermore, some industrial activities have got reactions that produce greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The continued release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is contributing to global warming. As a consequence, it is man who is responsible for global warming (IPCC 49). There is a scientific disagreement on the causes of global warming based on the medieval activities, which led to the rise in earth’s temperatures. From an intense scientific analysis, it has been found that the eart h warmed up during the medieval times just as it is with the case today. To this, science agrees. However, there is no scientific agreement on whether the same phenomena can repeat itself or not. There is one side that argues that global warming being experienced today is natural just like it was during the medieval period. The argument explains that since the earth has a history of having warmed up, the same can be repeated in the contemporary world. The medieval warm period is a localized earth warming experienced in 10th and 14th century. Despite the fact that the earth warmed up considerably, the phenomenon was not a worldwide happening but rather occurred in some parts of Europe alone. Furthermore, the temperature at that time did not rise as high as today’s case of global warming put forward by IPCC (Hays, Imbrie and Shackleton 1132). This means that global warming being witnessed today is very different and its causes have been directly linked to man as put forward by IPCC. A further argument is that the prediction of the coming of ice age in 1970s by scientist does not concur with the IPCC’s idea that the world is warming up. If the world was experiencing rising temperatures, then there was no way the ice age predictions would have been in the allegations of scientists. The world has been characterized by longer periods of ice age that was followed by short warm periods. Based on this evidence, science predicts a repeat of the same. However, the cause of ice age is attributed to a swerve of the earth in its orbit around the sun. In early 1920s the temperatures of the world begun to rise as a result of global warming but when it reached the mid 1970s, the temperatures cooled by small magnitudes. It was this phenomenal that compelled the scientists to predict on the possibilities of the coming of ice age (World Almanac Books 51). Nevertheless, their concern in the subject led to a revelation that the presence of aerosols in the atmosphere l ed to the cooling effects of the global temperatures; the idea of the coming of the ice age was the propagation of the press. The threat of global warming remains real and is what has been on the minds of many scientists. Lastly, the argument that science cannot prove the current global warming as natural is a misguided idea. Although it is difficult to prove if the rising of earth’s temperatures is not caused by natural processes, there is a scientific way out. Through the process of elimination, science has listed all the possible natural happenings that may lead to global warming and then eliminated them one by one; the final results have pointed to manmade causes as the real threat to global warming (Hansen, Ruedy and Sato 48). One clear point is that global warming is caused by increased emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which are trapping heat leading to warming of the earth on global scale. This fact has not been refuted as it is scientifically true. Alth ough greenhouse gases have been in existence before the age of man, its effects have never been felt because the world had a balanced way of eliminating any excess of them. This means that only man’s activity have interfered with the balance in atmospheric temperature. The rate at which global warming is taking place is not constant but rather heightened by the activities of human beings. The findings by the IPCC have been tested in some ways using other scientific methods but they have been found true. Works Cited Hansen, James. GISS surface temperature analysis, global temperature trends: 2005 Summation. NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies. 2006. Web. https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/news/ Hays, John, Imbrie, John and Shackleton, Newton. Variations in the earth’s orbit: pacemaker of the ice ages. Science 194 (1976): 1121-1132. IPCC. Climate change 2007: synthesis report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007. Web.. https://www.ipcc.ch/report /ar4/syr/ National Academic Press. The America’s climate choices: board on atmospheric sciences and climate. Washintgon: National Academies Press, 2011. World Almanac Books. Environment global warming and greenhouse effect. Mahwah: World Almanac Books, 2000. This essay on What Is The Scientific Consensus On The Rate Of Global Warming And Its Causes? was written and submitted by user Reagan N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Research Paradigms Essay Example

Research Paradigms Essay Example Research Paradigms Essay Research Paradigms Essay The design of a research study begins with the selection of a topic and a paradigm. A paradigm is essentially a worldview, a whole framework of beliefs, values and methods within which research takes place. It provides a conceptual framework for seeing and making sense of the social world; to be located in a particular paradigm is to view the world in a particular way. A paradigm stands for the entire constellation of beliefs, values and techniques, shared by the members of a community. The significance of paradigms is that they shape how we perceive the world and are reinforced by those around us, the community of practitioners. Within the research process the beliefs a researcher holds will reflect in the way they research is designed, how data is both collected and analysed and how research results are presented. For the researcher it is important to recognise their paradigm, it allows them to identify their role in the research process, determine the course of any research project and distinguish other perspectives. Therefore, paradigms are never right or wrong but merely different ways of looking at society. In that respect, they are to be judged as useful or useless in specific situations only. Macro theory and micro theory Macro theory deals with large, aggregate entities of society or whole societies. e. g. struggle between economic classes, international relations Micro theory deals with issues at the level of individuals and small groups. e. g. dating behavior, jury deliberations, student faculty interactions 2 Early positivism The early positivist paradigm of exploring social reality is based on th e philosophical ideas of the French philosopher August Comte, who emphasized observation and reason as means of understanding human behavior. According to him, true knowledge is based on experience of senses and can be obtained by observation and experiment. Positivistic thinkers adopt his scientific method as a means of knowledge generation. Hence, it has to be understood within the framework of the principles and assumptions of science. These assumptions are determinism, empiricism, parsimony, and generality. ‘Determinism’ means that events are caused by other circumstances; and hence, understanding such casual links are necessary for prediction and control. ‘Empiricism’ means collection of verifiable empirical evidences in support of theories or hypotheses. ‘Parsimony’ refers to the explanation of the phenomena in the most economic way possible. ‘Generality’ is the process of generalizing the observation of the particular phenomenon to the world at large. With these assumptions of science, the ultimate goal of science is to integrate and systematise findings into a meaningful pattern or theory which is regarded as tentative and not the ultimate truth. Positivistic paradigm thus systematizes the knowledge generation process with the help of quantification, which is essential to enhance precision in the description of parameters and the discernment of the relationship among them. This paradigm regards human behaviour as passive, controlled and determined by external environment. Hence human beings are dehumanized without their intention, individualism and freedom taken into account in viewing and interpreting social reality. According to the critics of this paradigm, objectivity needs to be replaced by subjectivity in the process of scientific inquiry. Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology, founded in the 1960s by the American sociologist Harold Garfinkel, studies the way in which people make sense of their social world, and accomplish their daily lives. Ethnomethodologists start with the assumption that social order is an illusion. While social life appears ordered, it is, in fact chaotic. Social order is constructed in the minds of ac tors as a series of impressions which they seek to organize into a coherent pattern. While ethnography seeks to answer questions about what is happening, ethnomethodology seeks answers on how realities in everyday life are accomplished. So, by carefully observing and analyzing the processes used in actors’ actions, researchers will uncover the processes by which these actors constantly interpret social reality. 4 Structural functionalism Structural functionalism, also known as a social systems paradigm is a sociological paradigm which addresses what social functions various elements of the social system perform in regard to the entire system. Social structures are stressed and placed at the center of analysis, and social functions are deduced from these structures. It was developed by Talcott Parsons. The central concern of structural-functionalism was a continuation of the Durkheimian task of explaining the apparent stability and internal cohesion of societies which are necessary to ensure their continued existence over time. Societies are seen as coherent, bounded and fundamentally relational constructs, who function like organisms, with their various parts (social institutions) working together to maintain and reproduce them. The various parts of society are assumed to work in an unconscious, quasi-automatic fashion towards the maintenance of the overall social equilibrium. All social and cultural phenomena are therefore seen as being functional in the sense of working together to achieve this state and are effectively deemed to have a life of their own. They are then primarily analysed in terms of this function they play. Individuals are significant not in and of themselves but in terms of their status, their position in patterns of social relations, and their roles the behavior(s) associated with their status. The social structure is then the network of statuses connected by associated roles. 5 Quantitative and Qualitative Quantitative research is research that aims to measure using numbers. Typical forms of quantitative research are surveys, in which many respondents are asked questions and their answers averaged and other statistics calculated and research based on administrative data where for example the number of people who have been patients in a hospital each month is counted. The aim is to create numerical description through a process of ‘coding’ verbal or textual data Qualitative research most often describes scenes, gathers data through interviews, or analyzes the meaning of documents. Here one creates an account or description without numerical scores In practice, the distinction between quantitative and qualitative is not absolute. Even in qualitative studies, it is common to count how many informants fall into one or other category HYPOTHESIS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1 Qualities of a good hypothesis A hypothesis is a preliminary or tentative explanation or postulate by the researcher of what the researcher considers the outcome of an investigation will be. It is an informed/educated guess. It indicates the expectations of the researcher regarding certain variables. It is the most specific way in which an answer to a problem can be stated. E. g. If you hit a child with a cane, she will cry. Both a hypothesis and a problem contribute to the body of knowledge which supports or refutes an existing theory. A hypothesis differs from a problem. A problem is formulated in the form of a research question; it serves as the basis or origin from which a hypothesis is derived. A hypothesis is a suggested solution to a problem. A problem (question) cannot be directly tested, whereas a hypothesis can be tested and verified. (i) Hypothesis should be clear and precise. If the hypothesis is not clear and precise, the inferences drawn on its basis cannot be taken as reliable. (ii) Hypothesis should be capable of being tested. In a swamp of untestable hypotheses, many a time the research programmes have bogged down. Some prior study may be done by researcher in order to make hypothesis a testable one. A hypothesis â€Å"is testable if other deductions can be made from it which, in turn, can be confirmed or disproved by observation. † (iii) Hypothesis should state relationship between variables, if it happens to be a relational hypothesis. iv) Hypothesis should be limited in scope and must be specific. A researcher must remember that narrower hypotheses are generally more testable and he should develop such hypotheses. (v) Hypothesis should be stated as far as possible in most simple terms so that the same is easily understandable by all concerned. But one must remember that simplicity of hypothesis has nothing to do with its significance. (vi) Hypothesis should be consistent with most known facts i. e. , it must be consistent with a substantial body of established facts. In other words, it should be one which judges accept as being the most likely. (vii) Hypothesis should be amenable to testing within a reasonable time. One should not use even an excellent hypothesis, if the same cannot be tested in reasonable time for one cannot spend a life-time collecting data to test it. (viii) Hypothesis must explain the facts that gave rise to the need for explanation. This means that by using the hypothesis plus other known and accepted generalizations, one should be able to deduce the original problem condition. Thus hypothesis must actually explain what it claims to explain; it should have empirical reference. 2 Qualities of a good research question. In order to be systematic, clearly defined and specific, a research question must be researchable. To be researchable, a research question should have the following characteristics: i. Interesting The research question needs to be interesting to the researcher because without the ongoing motivation and enthusiasm of the researcher through out the duration of the project, the research project risks ultimate failure. If one is passionate or curious about the issue or problem under scrutiny, maintaining momentum in the research process becomes easier and the product more satisfying. ii. Relevant The question should also be interesting and relevant to the research community of which the research forms a part. Research is generally of interest to a research community when it makes a contribution to the collective knowledge base of a study area or discipline. The orientation is to find a question, an unresolved controversy, a gap in knowledge or an unrequited need within the chosen subject. It is therefore desirable to maintain a balance between the specific research interests of the researcher and the interests of the research community as a whole iii. Feasible The research question should be stated in such a way that the project is feasible and has specific bounderies that make the project delimited and doable. Consideration needs to be given to the costs of the project, the time frame in which it is to be completed, the time and skills of the researcher(s) undertaking the project, and whether the access to research participants and information needed to complete the project are likely to be available. iv. Ethical It is desirable to reflect on the ethical dimensions of the research problemwhen institutional ethical procedures are required for project approval. Considering these issues from the outset, and embedding these considerations in the research question, will help to ensure that the research projectfulfils its ethical obligations, both professionally and institutionally. v. Concise The research question should be well articulated, its terms clearly defined, with as much precision as possible in written language. For example, research projects usually have a broad overarching theoretical frameworkthat informs the area of interest under scrutiny. The theoretical background however needs to be more specifically formulated and can be articulated in terms of specific concepts that are derived from previous theorizations and defined in terms of specific words or phrases in the research question. Research questions specify object(s) of research i. e social entities relationships and processes that are under scrutiny by the researcher. vi. Answerable The research question should be answerable. In order to make a research question answerable, it is desirable in the initial formulation of the research question to use an interrogative form eg who what when how which and why.

Reporte consular para ciudadanía por derecho de sangre

Reporte consular para ciudadanà ­a por derecho de sangre El reporte consular de nacimiento en el extranjero prueba que una persona nacida fuera de Estados Unidos es ciudadana americana por derecho de sangre. Es el equivalente al acta o certificado de nacimiento que se emite a todas las personas que nacen en los EEUU. Y este reporte sirve para demostrar que se es ciudadano americano, para poder sacar el pasaporte y para obtener otros beneficios que corresponden por la ciudadanà ­a como Medicaid, Chip, etc en el caso de ir a vivir a USA. Datos bsicos de la ciudadanà ­a americana La nacionalidad de los Estados Unidos puede adquirirse por cinco caminos distintos. La mayorà ­a la adquieren por lo que se conoce derecho de suelo, pero este artà ­culo trata de un caso especial que tambià ©n es relativamente frecuente: la obtencià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a por derecho de sangre.   Es decir, un  menor adquire la ciudadanà ­a americana a pesar de haber nacido en otro paà ­s porque el padre, la madre o ambos son americanos en el momento en el que tuvo lugar su nacimiento. Quià ©n puede solicitar el reporte consular de nacimiento en el extranjero, cundo y cunto cuesta Para poder solicitr el reporte consular es necesario que la nacionalidad estadounidense cumpla todos los requisitos para transmitirse. No es suficiente que el pap o la mam sea ciudadano de los Estados Unidos. Los requisitos son distintos segà ºn el progenitor estadounidense sea el padre o la madre o ambos y tambià ©n de su estado civil. Si se cumple lo que establece la ley, entonces se podr solicitar el reporte consular. El padre o la madre que es ciudadano estadounidense (o ambos, si es el caso) son los autorizados para pedir el reporte consular. Tambià ©n puede hacerlo cualquier padre, si tiene una orden judicial en la que se le reconoce en exclusividad la guardia y custodia sobre el menor. Incluso es posible que el padre o la madre americana autoricen a otra persona a que realice la peticià ³n. En este caso, se necesitar una declaracià ³n jurada notarizada concediendo la autorizacià ³n. Adems, debe solicitarse antes de que el nià ±o o la nià ±a cumplan los 18 aà ±os de edad. Pero es muy recomendable que se haga cuanto antes, incluso inmediatamente despuà ©s del nacimiento. En todo caso, debe solicitarse antes de que el menor viaje a los Estados Unidos por primera vez. Esta gestià ³n tiene, en la actualidad, un costo de $100. Cà ³mo se tramita el Reporte Consular de Nacimiento en el Extranjero El primer paso es ir a la pgina de internet de la oficina consular ms cercana y seguir las instrucciones para hacer una cita para solicitar el reporte (CRBA, por sus iniciales en inglà ©s). A continuacià ³n hay que preparar y conseguir la documentacià ³n que se necesita para ir a la cita al consulado. Primero, hay que rellenar el formulario DS-2029. Es muy importante recordar no firmarlo, ya que ese es un paso que se debe hacer ante el oficial consular. Tampoco se debe rellenar los apartados 28/29 y 30, que lo har el cà ³nsul. Adems, es necesario aportar la siguiente documentacià ³n: 1. -El acta de nacimiento del nià ±o. Es fundamental que conste el nombre completo, correcto y debidamente deletreado del padre y de la madre (salvo en los casos de maternidad en solitario). 2.- Prueba de que el padre, la madre o ambos son ciudadanos americanos. La mejor forma de probarlo es con un pasaporte estadounidense en vigor. Otros documentos que se admiten son el acta de nacimiento, si ha nacido en Estados Unidos, o el certificado de naturalizacià ³n, si nacià ³ en otro paà ­s, emigrà ³ a EEUU y en algà ºn momento en el pasado obtuvo la ciudadanà ­a americana. 3.- Si se est casado, prueba del matrimonio. Asimismo, si se ha estado casado con anterioridad es necesario mostrar un documento que acredite cà ³mo acabà ³ el matrimonio anterior: viudedad, divorcio o anulacià ³n. 4.- Una declaracià ³n jurada por parte del progenitor estadounidense que se llama Affidavit of Parentage, Physical Presence and Support. En dicha declaracià ³n el padre o la madre juran que han vivido en Estados Unidos el tiempo necesario para poder transmitirle su nacionalidad al hijo o hija nacidos en el extranjero. Y es que no basta con ser americano, hay que haber vivido en USA cierto nà ºmero de aà ±os y poder demostrarlo. Tener presente que las reglas son diferentes segà ºn el caso. Se piden distintos aà ±os de residencia en EEUU segà ºn se trate de padre o madre o si estn solteros o casados. Adems, no basta con declarar que se ha vivido el tiempo requerido, hay que poder demostrarlo con documentacià ³n como por ejemplo: registros escolares, pasaportes anteriores, pago de impuestos, cotizaciones al Seguro Social, rà ©cords mà ©dicos, contratos o facturas a su nombre, rà ©cord militar, etc. Recibir el Certificado de Registro de Nacimiento en el Exterior Los consulados tramitan esta gestià ³n, pero el documento se emite en Estados Unidos. Por lo tanto hay que indicar dà ³nde se quiere recibir, dndose la opcià ³n de una direccià ³n en Estados Unidos, en el paà ­s de residencia (en algunos casos) o en la oficina consular. En otras palabras, el dà ­a de la entrevista no se saldr del consulado con el certificado en la mano. Consejos a tener en cuenta Los documentos deben ser originales o copias autentificadas por la autoridad que las emite con el sello oficial correspondiente. No sirven fotocopias ni tampoco copias notarizadas. Salvo casos muy excepcionales, siempre se devuelven esta documentacià ³n. Las reglas que regulan la transmisià ³n de la nacionalidad americana de padres a hijos cuando à ©stos nacen en el extranjero ha cambiado a lo largo de los aà ±os. En los casos de duda, hay siempre que verificar quà © ley aplicaba en el momento del nacimiento del hijo de un americano.   Adems, hay que tener en cuenta que aunque hoy en dà ­a es muy difà ­cil perder la nacionalidad americana, hasta hace recientemente poco tiempo eso no era asà ­. Para estos casos a veces es posible recuperar la ciudadanà ­a. Por à ºltimo, cuando un ciudadano americano no puede transmitir a su hijo la nacionalidad por no cumplir con el requisito de nà ºmero de aà ±os vividos en EEUU, a veces es posible tramitar para ese menor una naturalizacià ³n especial adquiriendo la ciudadanà ­a por los abuelos. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asistencia legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

Discussion Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Discussion Questions - Coursework Example In practice, this could be used by introducing barriers, gates and out of bounds limitations so as to control traffic. Such move and an organisation would prevent the criminals who may have a getaway vehicle from being concealed within the premises of the building. In the same breadth and line of thought, the clearly defined exits seal all the prospective loopholes where the criminals may slip and run away from the buildings and places of target. In rhetoric sense and aspect, one ought to ask the questions: is it possible for a person to enter or leave the place without being accounted for or being noticed? Are there other entry/exit places such as rooftops? It is my reasoned view and humble submission that I would educate other people by putting signs and posts in big connotations on the benefits of security in the place. For instance, help them develop behavioral patterns such that if they see a stranger they ought to report them to the security office. In the concept and aspect of natural surveillance, criminals tend to operate in an environment where they are less visible and anonymous. Thus, surveillance refers to the aspect and instance where the place or location is visible and closely monitored by designate officials at all times. In the conventional and common wisdom, there are two approaches and perspectives to accomplish these. To begin with, there is the aspect of having well defined sight lines which are manned and controlled by video and CCTV cameras. Secondly, there is the notion of articulating social interactions and cohesion where each person assumes the role and duty of surveying and maintaining security. This is critical so as to ensure that all people or all the activities that would be happening at the place would be accounted for and be seen by all the others without hustles. The social interactions on their part ensures that there are security

Human Resource policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human Resource policy - Essay Example Positive action approach has been adopted by most of the organizations to ensure diversity and gender and racial balance is attained (Roberts & Institute of Personnel and Development, pp 22). Positive action is a termed used to refer to the measures which are employed by companies and organizations to counteract the negative impacts of discrimination in employment and also to help reduce stereotyping and this discrimination. However, positive action is not meant to bring about favorable treatment for some people who are marginalized. While employing people using the positive action, employers are not to employ unqualified individuals. Positive action is an initiative which is used to help employers encourage some certain groups of people who inequitably represented in the employment sector to apply for promotions and jobs. Due to the previous discrimination in work places, some people feel unworthy or unfit to apply for jobs in certain areas either because of their lifestyle, race or background and at times because of past experiences which such people could have encountered in other organizations which made them believe that they may not be welcome in other companies as their employees. Positive action initiatives have been made legal by some particular sections of the law although different it raises different questions regarding cases of positive discrimination which can arise while employing the positive action during recruitment and selection processes (Roberts & Institute of Personnel and Development, pp 28-33). Recruitment and selection techniques While carrying out the recruitment and selection process, the human resource department uses different approaches to ensure that the best candidates are selected and appointed for particular posts. While implementing the positive action policy, the human resource department should ensure that the form of technique being employed would enhance this practice rather than hindering it. While deciding on the right technique to employ while carrying out the recruitment and selection process, it is vital to ensure that the selection technique would meet the needs of an organization. Also, the technique being employed should meet the requirements of the company. The kind of posts being filled also determines the kind of recruitment and selection process or technique (Roberts & Institute of Personnel and Development, pp 55). One of the major techniques which is employed while carrying out the selection and recruitment process is use of interviews. This process begins with advertising whereby a vacant post is advertised to the public and/ or employees and they are invited to apply for the post. This attracts a pool of applicants from whom a few are selected based on merits and other qualifications which the company or an organization deems necessary. In cases where positive action is being employed, the advert put forward should clearly state so to ensure that the advert attracts the attention of the under represented individuals in an organization. So as to attract the desired individuals while advertising for jobs using positive action policy, an organization may advertise job vacancies in minority ethnic media or other media means which are bound to reach the target group more efficiently especially. This is more so when an organization wishes to attract diverse cultures or races. During the

Effects of Caffeinated Beverages on Attention Performance

Effects of Caffeinated Beverages on Attention Performance Caffeinated Beverages and their Effects on Attention Performance Tasks Cory Jones Methodology As per the requirements of the study, we will try to understand how the consumptions of energy caffeinated drinks affect the Attention Task performance for participants. We will conduct this test on 20 participants (10 male and 10 female) selected randomly from the University of Michigan- Flint campus. Since the participants in the experiment will be college students, we expect them to be within the age range of 18-25 years. From the initial group, participants will be screened to meet the requirements of the test. The selected 20 participants will be asked to take the Conner’s Continuous Performance Task (Conners, 2004). The Continuous performance test is considered one of the best ways to measure attention and vigilance behavior of participants. This test is also used to identify patients with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders. The Continuous Performance Task measures the attention and impulsivity level of the participants. In this particular experiment we will use the computerized version of the Conner’s Continuous Performance Test III. We will use 20 computers and run this test twice to ensure all participants undergo the process. In this version of the test letters of the alphabet are presented in front of the participants for 250ms, the respondent will be instructed to press the keyboard every time they see the letter ‘X’. There will be six blocks for this test; each of these blocks will contain three sub blocks with 20 letters in them. Therefore there will be eighteen sub blocks and the inter stimulus intervals (ISI) for each sub block will vary from 1-4 seconds, so that the participants will not get used to the pattern of the test. The order of the ISI will be mixed and participants will have no inkling about the order in which the letters will appear. The letters presented to the participants will be large and approximately 1 inch in size. The instructor will ask all participa nts to read through the test procedure on the computer screen. A small trial of 20 letters will run twice to help participants get used to the procedure. The test will take approximately 15 minutes per participant; therefore we will collect the baseline data for 60 participants in one hour. In the next phase of the experiment, the participants will be asked to consume 300ml of a caffeinated energy drink that will be given in an unmarked opaque plastic cup. Participants will be given the drinks separately, so that they do not discuss or try to guess the contents of the drink. 30 minutes after consumption of the caffeinated drinks the participants will be again asked to take the Conner’s Continuous Performance test. All subjects will be paid for participating in the experiment. The data collected from the 60 participants will be on two aspects, the test performance score on Inattentiveness and omission, and reaction times. The data collected will be the dependent variable, while the presence or absence of caffeine in the system will be the independent variable or the repeated measures for the related groups. Analysis We will first run normality tests on the data obtained from the study using IBM SPSS v 22 software. Since the sample size is above 50, we will use the Shapiro Wilk test to understand the distribution of the data since we have sample size of less than 50 individuals. If the data has a single peak, we will use parametric tests like paired sample T-test or repeated measures ANOVA to see how the test scores differ between the two conditions. On the other hand, if the data is not normally distributed, we will use Wilcoxon Signed Rank test to see if there is a difference between the attention performances scores before and after caffeine consumption from the baseline. Participant screening The participants will be asked to fill up an information questionnaire; they will be selected based on the results of the questionnaire. Participants who have a history of psychological disorders and who are presently or have in the last few months consumed psychotropic medication or medication that affects CNS will be excluded. Participants, who have a familial history of violence, domestic abuse, divorce or mental disorders, will also be excluded. Participants will be asked if they are presently feeling depressed or stressed due to any circumstances, those who respond in the affirmative will be removed from the experiment. The remaining participants will be asked to stay away from alcohol or caffeine (tea, coffee, chocolates, ice cream etc.) for 48 hours and the experiment will be performed on the second day of screening. This will be done because serum caffeine has a half-life of 5-6 hours (Statland Demas, 1980). All participants will be asked to consume the same recipe of salad and water before appearing for the experiment. On the day of the experiment participants will be allowed to ease into the experiment setup for 5 minutes and after a brief instruction video the study will commence. Data Collection The responses of the participants will be measured in terms of accuracy and response times. Accuracy will be measured in the percentage of ‘X’ detected vs. presented, so the participants will be exposed to different number of ‘X’s at each computer in both trials. The reaction time will be automatically measured by the computer in milliseconds. Data will be generated for each of the 20 partcipants, which will be presented in the form shown in figure 1 and figure 2. The numerical scores as shown in figure 1 will be copied into SPSS software and exploratory and frequentist statistical analyses will be run. Hypothesis For this experiment, we hypothesize that the caffeine trials will improve the test performance of the participants (n=20). The null Hypothesis for this study (Ho) is that there will be no significant difference in test performance between the two trials. Predictions Over the course of years, a number of studies have tried to ascertain the effects on caffeine on bodily functions. Studies show that in subjects exposed to small amounts of caffeine, the level of alertness increased(Zwyghuizen-Doorenbos, Roehrs, Lipschutz, Timms, Roth, 1990). Various other studies also looked at the effects of caffeine on the driving alertness of the subjects(Brice Smith, 2001). There is a significant corpus of literature that exists on the effects of caffeine on the alertness level of human subjects; however we plan to conduct the tests in a more controlled environment. Based on the existing literature review we can predict that the test group will show significant improvement in attention task performance compared to the control group. References Brice, C., Smith, A. (2001). The effects of caffeine on simulated driving, subjective alertness and sustained attention. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 16(7), 523–531. Conners, B. C. K. (2014). Conners ’ Continuous Performance Test III ( CPT III V . 5 ). Michael, N., Johns, M., Owen, C., Patterson, J. (2008). Effects of caffeine on alertness as measured by infrared reflectance oculography. Psychopharmacology, 200(2), 255–260. Statland, B. E., Demas, T. J. (1980). Serum caffeine half-lives. Healthy subjects vs. patients having alcoholic hepatic disease. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 73(3), 390–393. Zwyghuizen-Doorenbos, A., Roehrs, T. A., Lipschutz, L., Timms, V., Roth, T. (1990). Effects of caffeine on alertness. Psychopharmacology, 100(1), 36–39. Supporting Information In the below figure we see that in a study by Michael, Johns, Owen, Patterson, (2008) it was found that the reaction time of participants treated with caffeine dropped within 30 minutes of consumption and stayed lower than the control group even 4 hours after the treatment. Therefore we can see that the caffeine increases alertness and reduces latency in behavior response times in subjects. Budget .

Synopsis of El Filibusterismo Essay

Crisostomo Ibarra of the Noli Me Tangere, who, with Elias’ help, escaped from the pursuing soldiers at Laguna de Bay, dug up his buried treasure, and fled to Cuba where he became rich and befriended many Spanish officials. Thirteen years after leaving the Philippines, Crisostomo Ibarra returned as Simoun, a rich jeweler with a beard and blue-tinted glasses, and a close friend of the Captain-General. Abandoning his personality, he became a revolutionist, seeking revenge against the Spanish Philippine system responsible for his misfortunes by plotting a revolution. Simoun gradually made his way into the Manila high society and influenced every decision of the Captain-General to mismanage the country’s affairs so that a revolution will break out. By using his wealth and political influence, he encourages corruption in the government, promotes the oppression of the masses, and hastens the moral degradation of the country so that the people may become desperate and fight. He sarcastically sides with the upper classes, encouraging them to commit abuses against the masses to encourage the lower classes to revolt against the oppressive Spanish colonial regime. He did not attempt to fight the authorities through legal means but through violent revolution using the masses. Simoun has reasons for plotting a revolution. First is to rescue Marà ­a Clara from the convent of Santa Clara and second, to get rid of ills and evils of Philippine society. The story of El Filibusterismo begins on board the clumsy, roundish shaped steamer Thesteamer was sailing upstream the Pasig from Manila to Laguna de Bay. Among the passengers were Simoun, the rich jeweler; Doà ±a Victorina, the ridiculously pro-Spanish native woman who is going to Laguna in search of her henpecked husband, Doctor Tiburcio de Espadaà ±a, who had deserted her; Paulita Gomez, her beautiful niece; Ben-Zayb (anagram of Ibaà ±ez), a Spanish journalist who writes silly articles about the Filipinos; Father Sibyla, vice-rector of the University of Santo Tomas; Father Camorra, the parish priest of the town of Tiani; Don Custodio, a pro-Spanish Filipino holding a position in the government; Father Salvi, thin Franciscan friar and former cura of San Diego; Father Irene, a kind friar who was a friend of the Filipino students; Father Florentino, a retired scholarly and patriotic Filipino priest; Isagani, a poet-nephew of Padre Florentino and a lover of  Paulita; and Basilio, son of Sisa and promising medical student, whose medical education was financed by his patron, Capitan Tiago. Simoun, a man of wealth and mystery, is a very close friend and confidante of the Spanish governor general. Because of his great influence in Malacaà ±ang, he was called the â€Å"Brown Cardinal† or the â€Å"Black Eminence†. His true identity was discovered by a now grown-up Basilio while he was visiting the grave of his mother, Sisa, as Simoun dug near the grave site for his buried treasures. Simoun spared Basilio’s life and asked him to join in his planned revolution against the government, convincing him by bringing up the tragic misfortunes of Basilio’s family. Basilio declined the offer because he still hoped that the country’s condition will improve. Basilio, at this point, is a graduating student of medicine at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. After the death of his mother, Sisa, and the disappearance of his younger brother, Crispà ­n, Basilio obeyed the advice of the dying boatman, Elà ­as, and traveled to Manila to study. Basilio was adopted by Captain Tiago after Marà ­a Clara entered the convent. With Captain Tiago’s help, Basilio was able to go to Colegio de San Juan de Letrà ¡n where, at first, he was glared upon by his classmates and teachers not only because of the color of his skin but also because of his untidy appearance which he also experienced at Ateneo. Captain Tiago’s confessor, Father Irene is making Captain Tiago’s health worse by giving him opium even as Basilio tried hard to prevent Captain Tiago from smoking it. He and the other students wanted to establish a Spanish language academy so that they can learn to speak and write Spanish despite the opposition from the Dominican friars of the Universidad de Santo Tomà ¡s. With the help of a reluctant Father Irene as their mediator and Don Custodio’s decision, the academy was established; however they will only serve as caretakers of the school not as the teachers. Depressed and defeated, they held a mock ce lebration at a panciterà ­a while a spy for the friars witnessed the proceedings. Simoun, for his part, kept in close contact with the bandit group of Kabesang Tales, a former cabeza de barangay who suffered misfortunes at the hands of the friars. Once a farmer owning a prosperous sugarcane plantation and a cabeza de barangay (barangay head), he was forced to give everything to the  greedy and corrupt Spanish friars. His son, Tano, who became a civil guard, was captured by bandits; his daughter Juli worked as a maid to get enough ransom money for his freedom; and his father, Tandang Selo, suffered a stroke and became mute. Before joining the bandits, Tales took Simoun’s revolver while Simoun was staying at his house for the night. As payment, Tales left a locket that once belonged to Marà ­a Clara. To further strengthen the revolution, Simoun had Quiroga, a Chinese man hoping to be appointed consul to the Philippines, smuggled weapons into the country using Quiroga’s market as a front. Simoun wished to attack during a stage play with all of his enemies in attendance but he suddenly aborted the attack when he learned from Basilio that Marà ­a Clara had died earlier that day in the convent. A few days after the mock celebration by the students, the people are troubled when disturbing posters are found displayed around the city. The authorities accused the students, those present at the panciterà ­a, of agitation and disturbance of peace and had them arrested. Basilio, although not present at the mock celebration, was also arrested. Captain Tiago died after finding out about the incident and as stated in his will—made by Father Irene, all his possessions were given to the Church, leaving nothing for Basilio. Basilio was left in prison as the other students were released. A high official tried to intervene for the release of Basilio but the Captain-General, bearing grudges against the high official, forced him to tender his resignation. Juli, Basilio’s girlfriend and the daughter of Kabesang Tales, tried to ask for Father Camorra’s help upon the advice of an elder woman. Instead of helping Juli, however, the priest tried to rape her as he had long-hidden desires for Juli. Juli, rather than submit to the will of the friar, jumps over the balcony to her death. Basilio was soon released with the help of Simoun. Basilio, now a changed man and after hearing about Juli’s suicide, finally joined Simoun’s revolution. Simoun then told Basilio his plan at the wedding of Paulita Gà ³mez and Juanito, Basilio’s hunch-backed classmate. His plan was to conceal nitroglycerin inside a pomegranate-styled Kerosene lamp that Simoun will give to the newlyweds as a gift during the wedding reception. The reception took place at the former home of the late Captain Tiago, which was now  filled with explosives planted by Simoun. According to Simoun, the lamp will stay lighted for only 20 minutes before it flickers; if someone attempted to turn the wick, it will explode and kill everyone—important members of civil society and the Church hierarchy—inside the house. Outside the house, Basilio was about to walk away because he knew the lamp was going to explode anytime soon but Basilio had a change of heart and attempted to warn Isagani, his friend and the former boyfriend of Paulita. Simoun left the reception early as planned and left a note behind; â€Å"Mene Thecel Phares.† â€Å"the future is predetermined† Juan Crisostomo Ibarra The people at the reception were shocked because Ibarra was supposed to be dead. Initially thinking that it was simply a bad joke, Father Salvà ­ recognized the handwriting and confirmed that it was indeed Ibarra’s. As people began to panic, the lamp flickered. Father Irene tried to turn the wick up when Isagani, due to his undying love for Paulita, burst into the room and threw the lamp into the river, ruining Simoun’s plans. He escaped by diving into the river as guards chased after him. He later regretted his impulsive action because he had contradicted his own belief that he loved his nation more than Paulita and that the explosion and revolution could have fulfilled his ideals for Filipino society. The band got caught and confessed that Simoun lead them.Simoun, now unmasked as the person behind the attempted bombing and failed revolution, became a fugitive. Wounded and exhausted after he was shot by the pursuing Guardia Civil, he found shelter at the home of Fathe r Florentino, Isagani’s uncle, and comes under the care of Doctor Tiburcio de Espadaà ±a, Doà ±a Victorina’s husband, who was also hiding at the house. The Spanish authorities, however, learned of his presence in the house of Padre Florentino. Lieutenant Perez of the Guardia Civil informs the priest by letter that he would come at eight o’clock that night to arrest Simoun. Simoun took poison in order for him not to be captured alive. Before he died, he revealed his real identity to Father Florentino while they exchanged thoughts about the failure of his revolution and why God forsook him. Father Florentino said that God did not forsake him  and that his plans were not for the greater good but for personal gain. Simoun, finally accepted Father Florentino’s explanation, squeezed his hand and died. Watching Simoun die peacefully with a clear conscience and at peace with God, Father Florentino falls upon his knees and prays for the dead jeweler. Father Florentino then took Simoun’s remaining jewels and threw them into the Pacific Ocean with the corals hoping that they would not be used by the greedy, and that when the time came that it would be used for the greater good, when the nation would be finally deserving liberty for themselves, the sea would reveal the treasures.