Dreams Essay - 1478 Words

Dreams nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The powers of dreams have always been underestimated. There is a whole new world in the sub conscious mind that helps us in a subtle way. In this project you will see how a baby was born because of a dream, how nightmares can be partially good for you, be given a background on dreams in general and details on interpreting your own dreams amongst other things. Background nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Everybody dreams but not everybody can remember them. We usually dont remember dreams when we suddenly wake up and move about. This happens when you are usually in a rush, when your alarm clock goes off or you are pressured to get up quickly. You remember dreams on such occasions as you lie in on the†¦show more content†¦For somebody to interpret other peoples dreams they need to know a lot about the person theyre interpreting for as well as the dream itself. To explain this, for example, seeing a elephant might mean totally different things to different people such as a zoo keeper wholl probably see it as a harmless and a beautiful mammal whilst another person might see the elephant as a ugly, dangerous animal. With this example it tells us that everybody is different and the same dream with a elephant could be differently interpreted to everybody. Because everybody is different, and the same dreams mean different things to different people, books which contain the guide to interpreting dreams cannot be always correct but they could still remain useful to provide a stepping stone to interpreting your own dreams. Examples of interpreted dreams nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The type of dreams you have relates to the way you are feeling. For example, if you have confusing dreams you will probably feel confused in real life. To show this, heres a example of a true dream when somebody dreamt of a watermelon eating a pig. Here, the opposite occurs to what would happen in real life. This indicates some confusion from the dreamer. Without this dream being analysed by a professional the dreamer would have thought of it as a funny and useless dream but since it was analysed the expert on dreams knew that the dreamer had a lot ofShow MoreRelatedDreams And Dreams : Dreams1425 Words   |  6 PagesAvery Alexander English III Mr. Tarr 26 April 2015 Dreams Throughout our dreaming experience, we feel different sensations, emotions, and thoughts interpreted through images in a person’s mind. During our unconscious process, the meanings of our inner thoughts are experienced through dreams. Some psychologists believe dreams are connected to our real emotions and others may see dreams as a specific meaning related to one’s life (Young). Dreams can put us in touch with our real motives in life dueRead MoreDream And Dream - Dream Killers1012 Words   |  5 PagesDream killers You know the type, the ones who think that just because they did not make it, then you can t, the Debbie Downers who can t see beyond their pathetic existence to dream of something bigger. The one who will never achieve much because they fail to dream and dream to fail, these are the dream killers. Conversation #1 You   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I am thinking of starting my own business Them   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Why you want to do that? You   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Because I have always wanted to work for myself? ThemRead MoreDreams And Dreams1729 Words   |  7 Pagesinterpretations and true meanings of dreams has expanded and has varied over centuries and cultures. Many of the earlier studies were based on culture’s and the interpretation of dreams, but also used as a form of prophecy, inspiration, and guidance. Many people still believe this such, people today beliefs and theories have opened up to a more vast interpretation, they are made up of; dreams are rare brain activity, dreams allow people to reflect on themselves, or that dreams are too massive to be correctlyRead MoreDreams : The Causes Of Dreams And Dreams987 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Dreams are a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind† (Myers). They can occur anytime during sleep. Although most vibrant dreams occur during deep sleep, REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, when a person’s brain is more active. Most people tend to have at least 4 to 6 dreams per night while in REM sleep. While everyone dreams during sleep, but not everyone remembers. Scientist aren’t quite sure why some people remember more than others, but there are manyRead MoreDreams And Dreams1893 Words   |  8 PagesEvery single one of us dreams and each one is experienced at a personal level, but interpreting them and figuring what they actually mean is still a mystery to us all. The histories of dreams, dates all the way back to over 5,000 years ago. These were the times where they would still write things down on clay tablets. Even then, we were already interested in what dreams meant. During the Greek and Roman eras, dreams were perceived in a religious sense. If they were good dreams, they would be interpretedRead MoreDreams And The Subconscious : Dreams Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesDreams and the Subconscious Are dreams a way of processing life events, or are they really messages from the subconscious? This phenomenon has always interested me, and I am extremely grateful this opportunity has arisen for me to research dreams in more depth. Since childhood, I have been intrigued with dreams and how similar they can be for each person. For instance, many people have recurring nightmares of being chased. According to Huffington Post, being chased is one of the most common dreamsRead MoreDreams : A Lucid Dream1097 Words   |  5 PagesBeing able to understand what dreams represent and how they effect a person should be something everyone should understand. Dreams can be a small glimpse or feel so real that it is unbelievable. The issue people have the most is remembering. They can not remember if they spoke with another individual in actually life or if it was all apart of their dream they had. There is so much confusion that the person is almost embarrassed to ask if the event actually happe ned. A dream like this is considered oneRead MoreThe Dream Of A Lucid Dream1403 Words   |  6 PagesIt is said that a lucid dream is a dream that can be induced or controlled and is characterized by the dreamer being aware that he or she is dreaming (Lucid). When lucidity occurs, the dreamer â€Å"wakes up† inside the dream during fixed states of cognizance. Dreams are caused by things â€Å"†¦our mind knows, however which we cannot handle, is disturbing or something that we keep reiterating to ourselves† (Ganguly). This is why distinguishing significant dream symbols from ambient symbols is important forRead MoreThe Dream Of A Dream Story1426 Words   |  6 Pagesdifficulties of life after his accident. The dream that can be analyzed in this essay is the idea of being useful in life and towards society; Friedman describes Bret’s process in achieving this dream through the inclusion of characters’ thoughts and actions. This narrative technique rev eals the idea that dreams are not always singular, the people surrounding you can play a crucial role in your dream story, and factors that affect your dream can also change the dreams of surrounding people. Bret’s storyRead MoreDreams : What Are Dreams?1174 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are dreams? Are they the mind’s way of entertaining itself while you sleep, or are they your unconscious trying to tell you something? If you chose the ladder, you are on the right track. The mind can’t talk to you, you don t hear voices in your head unless you are a Schizophrenic. The only way that our unconscious mind has a way to communicate, is when you are asleep. The idea that dreams are trying to tell you something is simple, but understanding what the dream is trying to say can be difficult

History of Film Film Distribution Free Essays

There were many changes in marketing and distribution of films from end of the silent period to the modern digital period. There was a studio system that existed at the end of the silent period and collapsed in 1949 with a court ruling. During this same time a sales era of marketing existed. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Film: Film Distribution or any similar topic only for you Order Now After the Second World War the sales era was replaced with a new way of thinking and sales and marketing were not synonymous anymore. Marketing after World War II meant finding out what consumers’ needs and wants were and providing them with products to satisfy those needs and wants. Globalization began to occur rapidly in the 90’s and expansion in foreign market meant marketers had to concentrate on this market more than they had in the past. The digital period also meant changes of first runs and second runs for films. The studio system was a means of film production and distribution dominant in Hollywood from the early 1920s through the early 1950s.The term studio system refers to the practice of large motion picture studios (a) producing movies primarily on their own filmmaking lots with creative personnel under often long-term contract and (b) pursuing vertical integration through ownership or effective control of distributors and movie theaters, guaranteeing additional sales of films through manipulative booking techniques. A 1948 Supreme Court ruling against those distribution and exhibition pr actices hastened the end of the studio system.In 1954, the last of the operational links between a major production studio and theater chain was broken and the era of the studio system was officially dead. The period lasted from the introduction of sound to the court ruling and the beginning of the studio breakups; about 1927 to 1954, when the studios no longer participated in the theatre business. During the Golden Age, eight companies comprised the so-called major studios responsible for the studio system.Of these eight, five were fully integrated conglomerates, combining ownership of a production studio, distribution division, and substantial theater chain, and contracting with performers and filmmaking personnel: Fox (later 20th Century-Fox), Loew’s Incorporated (owner of America’s largest theater circuit and parent company to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer), Paramount Pictures, RKO (Radio-Keith-Orpheum), and Warner Bros. Two majors, Universal Pictures and Columbia Pictures were similarly organized, though they never owned more than small theater circuits.The eighth of the Golden Age majors, United Artists, owned a few theaters and had access to two production facilities owned by members of its controlling partnership group, but it functioned primarily as a backer-distributor, loaning money to independent producers and releasing their films. The ranking of the Big Five in terms of profitability (closely related to market share) was largely consistent during the Golden Age: MGM was number one eleven years running, 1931 to 41.With the exception of 1932 when all the companies but MGM lost money. One of the techniques used to support the studio system was block booking, a system of selling multiple films to a theater as a unit. Such a unit, frequently twenty films, typically included no more than a few quality movies, the rest perceived as low-grade filler to bolster the studio’s finances. On May 4, 1948, in a federal antitrust suit known as the Paramount case but brought against the entire Big Five, the U. S. Supreme Court specifically outlawed block booking.Holding that the conglomerates were indeed in violation of antitrust, the justices refrained from making a final decision as to how that fault should be remedied, but the case was sent back to the lower court from which it had come with language that suggested divorcement the complete separation of exhibition interests from producer-distributor operations was the answer. The Big Five, though, seemed united in their determination to fight on and drag out legal proceedings for years as they had already proven adept at after all, the Paramount suit had originally been filed on July 20, 1938. The sales era is called the sales era because many companies’ main priority was to move their products out of the factory using a variety of selling techniques. The sales era lasted from the early 20’s to the end of the World War II. Compare this to the cinema and both the sales era and studio system era align closing on a time period. During The sales era, companies felt that they could enhance their sales by using a variety of promotional techniques designed to inform potential customers about and/or persuade them to buy their products. This type of thinking was initiated by the economic climate of the time.The selling concepts related markets that already existed, where globalization hadn’t yet occurred and creating profit pools hadn’t even been thought of yet. However October 29, 1929—†Black Tuesday†Ã¢â‚¬â€marked the beginning of the Great Depression. This was the single most devastating financial day in the history of the New York Stock Exchange. Within the first few hours that the stock market was open, prices fell so far as to wipe out all the gains that had been made in the previous year. Since the stock market was viewed as the chief indicator of the American economy, public confidence was shattered.Between October 29 and November 13 (when stock prices hit their lowest point), more than $30 billion disappeared from the American economy— comparable to the total amount the United States had spent on its involvement in World War I (Schultz, 1999). The amount of disposable and discretionary income that consumers had to spend on necessities and luxuries also decreased dramatically as the unemployment rate approached 25 percent. Companies found that they could no longer sell all the products that they produced, even though prices had been lowered via mass production.Firms now had to get rid of their excess products in order to convert those products into cash. In order to get rid of products, many firms developed sales forces and relied on personal selling, advertising signs, and singing commercials on the radio to â€Å"move† the product. Theodore Levitt(1960), a prominent marketing scholar, has noted that these firms were not necessarily concerned with satisfying the customer, but rather with selling the product. This sales orientation dominated business practice through the 1930s until World War II, when most firms’ manufacturing facilities were adapted to making machinery and equipment for the war effort.Of course, the war dramatically changed the environment within which business was conducted. This also changed companies’ philosophies of doing business. The marketing concept era, a crucial change in management philosophy can be linked to the shift from a seller’s market, where there were more buyers for few good and services, to a buyer’s market, where there were more goods and services than people were willing to buy them. When World War II ended, factories stopped manufacturing war supplies and started turning out consumer products again, an activity that had practically stopped during the war. The relationship marketing era follows the marketing concept era. Relationship marketing succeeds the marketing concept era; however most firms are still practicing the marketing concept use of marketing. The advent of a strong buyers market created the need for consumer orientation by businesses. Companies had to market good and services, not just produce them, but sell them to. This realization has been identified as the emergence of the marketing concept. Marketing would no longer be regarded as supplemental activity performed after completion of the production process. Instead, the marketer ould play a leading role in product planning. Marketing and selling would no longer be synonymous terms. Today’s fully developed marketing concept is a companywide consumer with the objective of achieving long-run success. All facets and all levels of management of the organization must contribute first to assessing and then to satisfying customer wants and needs. Even during tough economic times, when companies tend to emphasize cutting costs and boosting revenues, the marketing concept focuses on the objective of achieving long-run success instead of short term profits.The firm’s survival and growth are built into the marketing concept; companywide consumer orientation should lead to greater long-run profits. Gone With the Wind, released December 15th 1939, was no doubt a cash cow. In the film’s 8th closing week it had already earned $5,567,000, where it began to see profit. By June 1st 1940 the film had already made its year and half goal of over 20 million; a very sizeable profit for the producers of the film. It did however require a large amount of investment from its producer David O. Selznick, of almost 4 million in production costs, and another million in marketing expenses.Adjusted for inflation it would have nearly been 50 million in production costs alone. David Selznick must have known his film was going to be a big hit. He paid $50,000 for the rights to a New York Times bestselling book. If the film was going to do as well as the book he knew he was going to see a large profit from his cash cow. It wasn’t common to have a worldwide release during the studio system era like it is today. Typically films would be released in their native country first and then a few months later it would be released in countries with speaking languages the same as the country of origin.In North America the first run of a film refers to the exhibition of theatres it would play in. A first run of a film would only play in the major cities in the downtown areas in the â€Å"de luxe† first run film theatre. These theatres would seat anywhere between 1500 to 5000 people in one room to one screen. This is of course before the days of digitization where people can view the film on DVD, and before the days of multiplexes. First run films had a higher ticket premium than that of second run or subsequent runs of the film. Gone With the Wind is said to have charged $0. 5 for a matinee viewing of the film and up to $2. 20 at Manhattan’s Astor in its first run. Compare this to the $0. 23 average ticket price in that year, the price was very high. Gone With the Wind’s first run lasted two and half years and was seen by 203 million people. It played in 156 theatres in 150 cities domestically. Gone With the Wind was eventually released around the world. Box office revenue for foreign release is much harder to calculate. Gone With the Wind made $30 million in domestic revenue and $19 million in foreign revenue in its first run.Adjusted for inflation that amount would total about $755,821,500. 00 today. (Dollar Times) Most of Gone With the Wind’s came from domestic revenue, about 63. 3 percent. Enter 2009. Many things have changed. Firstly a new marketing era is now in place. The studio system has collapsed. Globalization is not a competitive advantage of the studio system period, it is a competitive necessity. Films that do not compete in the global market do not compete at all. First runs last only weeks, months if the film is a really big hit. First runs are not only in the downtown theatres but also in the neighborhood theatres, and now in the muitlplex theatres. A second run in today’s language is when the film hits the new release section of the rental shop. In its third month Avatar is a big hit. At the time of this writing it is still playing in its first run. How does it compare to Gone With the Wind? Avatar is currently being seen on 3,452 theatres in hundreds of countries. Estimated to cost $280 million to make Avatar is much more expensive to make, even for adjusting inflation that Gone With the Wind.Currently domestic box office revenue is $710,842,764, and its foreign box office revenue amounts to $1,839,000,000. This is prove of the globalization of the cinema industry. The majority of the box office revenue no longer comes from domestic revenue but rather from the foreign market. Avatar is not only seen on the traditional 2D screens that Gone With the Wind was but it also seen on 3D screens, and IMAX screens, allowing for price alterations between the different formats the film is viewed in. It will be interesting to see how Avatar does when it ends its first run and enters its second run.A film that has ended its first run and second run is much more accurate to compare with Gone With the Wind since the film would have been shown at neighborhood theatres two and half years after it was first released. Titanic was released in 1997 and has ended both its first and second run. How did these two films compare? Titanic’s production budget was $200 million compared to Gone With the Wind’s adjusted for inflation budget of 50 million. Total gross revenue for Titanic has reached $1,843,201,268, while Gone With the Wind has reached $400,176,459.Adjusted for inflation Titanic would have reached nearly 3 billion in total gross revenue at $2,996,049,690. If Gone With the Wind were adjusted for total gross revenue it would reach $3,099,918,548. Total gross revenue includes first run, second run, and all other revenue that comes from the film, including T. V rights, rentals, VHS and DVD sales. It can be concluded that the importance of globalization in the film industry is more important now than it was during the studio system period. The way in which films are exhibited today is very different than it was during the studio period. First run theatres do not exist in the same way they did during the studio system period. Second runs of films were in theatres and now they are a way in which the audience may view the film on their terms, following the marketing concept idea. Consumers choose the way in which they consume products. The industry adapts to this and finds new ways to market their ideas and invents new products for the consumer to consume.Works Cited ‘Avatar’ Passes ‘Titanic’s’ Overseas Record. The Hollywood Reporter, 24 Jan. 2010. Web. . Boone, Louis E. and David L. Kurtz. Contemporary Marketing. [Mason, Ohio]: Thomson South-Western, 2006. Print. Box Office, Associated Publications. â€Å"What If the Government Wins Its Suit? † Editorial. Boxoffice 1 June 1940. Print. Crane, Fredrick G. , Roger A. Kerin, Steven W. Hartley, Eric N. Berkowitz, and William Rudelius. Marketing 6th Canadian Edition. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2006. Print. Frankly, My Dear â€Å"Gone with the Wind† Revisited. Yale University Press, 9 Feb. 2009. Web. . HBrothers. â€Å"Inflation Calculator The Changing Value of a Dollar. Web. IMDb. com, Inc. â€Å"Avatar, Titanic, Gone With the WInd. † Avatar, Titanic, Gone With the WInd. IMDb. com, Inc. , 4 Mar. 2010. Web. . King, Clyde Lyndon, Frank A. Tichenor, and Gordon S. Watkins. The Motion Picture in Its Economic and Social Aspects. New York: Arno, 1970. Print. Rebecca Keegan, Rebecca. â€Å"How Much Did Avatar Really Cost? † Vanity Fair 22 Dec. 2009: 112. Print. Shindler, Colin. Hollywood in Crisis: Cinema and American Society, 1929-1939. London: Routledge, 1996. Print. TIME. â€Å"SHOW BUSINESS: Record Wind. † TIME How to cite History of Film: Film Distribution, Papers

What Is The Scientific Consensus On The Rate Of Global Warming And Its Causes

The world is undergoing various transformations directly and indirectly affecting its inhabitants. One characteristic of all living things is irritability. Irritability refers to the ability of living things to react to the environment as a result of change in natural or manmade stimuli.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What Is The Scientific Consensus On The Rate Of Global Warming And Its Causes? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This means that living things are very cautious of the environments within which they live. Any change in climatic pattern of the earth will affect one particular group of living things negatively and another particular group positively or in the same way. One major environmental problem that is witnessed on earth since human beings became cautious of it is global warming. Global warming has been a menace to the peaceful existence of man and to the natural functioning of the environment. Rising global temperatures, flooding, and rise in the water level are some of the effects linked with global warming. This predicament has been highlighted in various forums and round table meetings in an effort to find a lasting solution to its cause. However, despite several efforts to eliminate it, debates about its causes has for reason not reached an agreement in summits. One side points to human beings as the cause whereas the other points to nature as the cause. The question as to whether human beings are responsible for global warming or not and its agreeable rates can be answered well if the myths existing on the subject can be countered well with scientific facts. According to orld Almanac Books (25), the 21st century has been received by environmental challenges of global warming believed to have been inherited from manmade activities of the past generations and the present ones.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ever since the start of 20th century, the temperature of the globe has been intensifying with the major increase taking place in 1980s. This averaged increase in temperatures of the earth constitutes global warming. Because global warming has heightened in the recent years, it means that the condition is worsening with the current generation than in the past. This implies that there must be some activities, which have heightened the menace. Science has given global warming a detailed description of the process. Scientifically, the heating or warming of earth results from blanketing effects of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, water vapour, oxides of nitrogen gas, and methane gas. These greenhouse gases forms a covering on the upper part of the earth’s atmosphere, which traps the sun’s rays in the earth. Because of the covering or the blanketing effect of greenhouse gases, the earth warms up gra dually. The intensity of warming is directly related to the thickness or quantity of greenhouse gases (World Almanac Books 25). Thus, basing on the scientific information at hand, it means that the more the quantity of gases emitted into the atmosphere the thicker the layer of the blanket and the warmer the earth. Many arguments have been put forward to oppose or proposes the causes and rates of global warming. Majority of these arguments have been based on scientific postulations whereas other has been backed by some evidence. Hansen, Ruedy and Sato (12) note that in 2001, an Integrated Panel on Climatic Change (IPCC) came up with some general findings on global warming cuases and rates.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What Is The Scientific Consensus On The Rate Of Global Warming And Its Causes? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The panel attributed global warming to human activities and projected that the warm ing effects was increasing at the rate of 0.17oC per every 10 years since 1980s. IPCC also projected that the temperature of the earth has increased to about 0.8oC since the start of the 19th century. The panel further concluded that the activities of human beings are the main causes of global warming notably the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which accounted to more than 90% of the global warming phenomena. At the same time, IPCC projected an unprecedented increase in the earth’s temperatures will be witnessed on earth. According to this projection, the earth’s temperature will rise by 1.4 to 5.8oC between 1990 and 2100. Despite these agreements by IPCC, which is a panel of highly professional scientists, there are some arguments against the same. The first disagreement is based on carbon dioxide source. In the first place, there is a general agreement on carbon dioxide as being the cause of global warming. The National Academy of Science has agreed t o the same. However, the scientific opinion differs on the source of the carbon dioxide causing global warming (National Academic Press 51).Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One side explains that the carbon dioxide gas causing global warming come from the activities of human beings whereas the other side argues that the same carbon dioxide does not result from activities of human beings but rather from natural geological activities such as volcanic eruption. The argument goes on further to explain that human activities cannot cause a release of carbon dioxide on a global scale that affects the environment to the extent of causing the global temperatures to rise to more than 5oC, which is contrary to the IPCC’s postulation. The argument in opposing the activities of human beings as the cause of carbon dioxide responsible for global warming has scientific backing but has been misconstrued. Although it is true that natural process on earth releases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the amount released is quickly used up through a balanced symbiotic process. According to National Academic Press (52), this explains why the earth has remained stable i n terms of temperature for thousands of years before the activities of man were heightened. In fact, the earth temperature rose to 0.7 degrees after the start of industrial activity (Hansen, Ruedy and Sato 11). Human activities on earth are responsible for addition of carbon dioxide in the air. For instance, fossil fuel utilized in aviation industry burns up to give out energy and carbon dioxide gas. Energy is used to drive the car but the carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Furthermore, some industrial activities have got reactions that produce greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The continued release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is contributing to global warming. As a consequence, it is man who is responsible for global warming (IPCC 49). There is a scientific disagreement on the causes of global warming based on the medieval activities, which led to the rise in earth’s temperatures. From an intense scientific analysis, it has been found that the eart h warmed up during the medieval times just as it is with the case today. To this, science agrees. However, there is no scientific agreement on whether the same phenomena can repeat itself or not. There is one side that argues that global warming being experienced today is natural just like it was during the medieval period. The argument explains that since the earth has a history of having warmed up, the same can be repeated in the contemporary world. The medieval warm period is a localized earth warming experienced in 10th and 14th century. Despite the fact that the earth warmed up considerably, the phenomenon was not a worldwide happening but rather occurred in some parts of Europe alone. Furthermore, the temperature at that time did not rise as high as today’s case of global warming put forward by IPCC (Hays, Imbrie and Shackleton 1132). This means that global warming being witnessed today is very different and its causes have been directly linked to man as put forward by IPCC. A further argument is that the prediction of the coming of ice age in 1970s by scientist does not concur with the IPCC’s idea that the world is warming up. If the world was experiencing rising temperatures, then there was no way the ice age predictions would have been in the allegations of scientists. The world has been characterized by longer periods of ice age that was followed by short warm periods. Based on this evidence, science predicts a repeat of the same. However, the cause of ice age is attributed to a swerve of the earth in its orbit around the sun. In early 1920s the temperatures of the world begun to rise as a result of global warming but when it reached the mid 1970s, the temperatures cooled by small magnitudes. It was this phenomenal that compelled the scientists to predict on the possibilities of the coming of ice age (World Almanac Books 51). Nevertheless, their concern in the subject led to a revelation that the presence of aerosols in the atmosphere l ed to the cooling effects of the global temperatures; the idea of the coming of the ice age was the propagation of the press. The threat of global warming remains real and is what has been on the minds of many scientists. Lastly, the argument that science cannot prove the current global warming as natural is a misguided idea. Although it is difficult to prove if the rising of earth’s temperatures is not caused by natural processes, there is a scientific way out. Through the process of elimination, science has listed all the possible natural happenings that may lead to global warming and then eliminated them one by one; the final results have pointed to manmade causes as the real threat to global warming (Hansen, Ruedy and Sato 48). One clear point is that global warming is caused by increased emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which are trapping heat leading to warming of the earth on global scale. This fact has not been refuted as it is scientifically true. Alth ough greenhouse gases have been in existence before the age of man, its effects have never been felt because the world had a balanced way of eliminating any excess of them. This means that only man’s activity have interfered with the balance in atmospheric temperature. The rate at which global warming is taking place is not constant but rather heightened by the activities of human beings. The findings by the IPCC have been tested in some ways using other scientific methods but they have been found true. Works Cited Hansen, James. GISS surface temperature analysis, global temperature trends: 2005 Summation. NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies. 2006. Web. https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/news/ Hays, John, Imbrie, John and Shackleton, Newton. Variations in the earth’s orbit: pacemaker of the ice ages. Science 194 (1976): 1121-1132. IPCC. Climate change 2007: synthesis report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007. Web.. https://www.ipcc.ch/report /ar4/syr/ National Academic Press. The America’s climate choices: board on atmospheric sciences and climate. Washintgon: National Academies Press, 2011. World Almanac Books. Environment global warming and greenhouse effect. Mahwah: World Almanac Books, 2000. This essay on What Is The Scientific Consensus On The Rate Of Global Warming And Its Causes? was written and submitted by user Reagan N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Research Paradigms Essay Example

Research Paradigms Essay Example Research Paradigms Essay Research Paradigms Essay The design of a research study begins with the selection of a topic and a paradigm. A paradigm is essentially a worldview, a whole framework of beliefs, values and methods within which research takes place. It provides a conceptual framework for seeing and making sense of the social world; to be located in a particular paradigm is to view the world in a particular way. A paradigm stands for the entire constellation of beliefs, values and techniques, shared by the members of a community. The significance of paradigms is that they shape how we perceive the world and are reinforced by those around us, the community of practitioners. Within the research process the beliefs a researcher holds will reflect in the way they research is designed, how data is both collected and analysed and how research results are presented. For the researcher it is important to recognise their paradigm, it allows them to identify their role in the research process, determine the course of any research project and distinguish other perspectives. Therefore, paradigms are never right or wrong but merely different ways of looking at society. In that respect, they are to be judged as useful or useless in specific situations only. Macro theory and micro theory Macro theory deals with large, aggregate entities of society or whole societies. e. g. struggle between economic classes, international relations Micro theory deals with issues at the level of individuals and small groups. e. g. dating behavior, jury deliberations, student faculty interactions 2 Early positivism The early positivist paradigm of exploring social reality is based on th e philosophical ideas of the French philosopher August Comte, who emphasized observation and reason as means of understanding human behavior. According to him, true knowledge is based on experience of senses and can be obtained by observation and experiment. Positivistic thinkers adopt his scientific method as a means of knowledge generation. Hence, it has to be understood within the framework of the principles and assumptions of science. These assumptions are determinism, empiricism, parsimony, and generality. ‘Determinism’ means that events are caused by other circumstances; and hence, understanding such casual links are necessary for prediction and control. ‘Empiricism’ means collection of verifiable empirical evidences in support of theories or hypotheses. ‘Parsimony’ refers to the explanation of the phenomena in the most economic way possible. ‘Generality’ is the process of generalizing the observation of the particular phenomenon to the world at large. With these assumptions of science, the ultimate goal of science is to integrate and systematise findings into a meaningful pattern or theory which is regarded as tentative and not the ultimate truth. Positivistic paradigm thus systematizes the knowledge generation process with the help of quantification, which is essential to enhance precision in the description of parameters and the discernment of the relationship among them. This paradigm regards human behaviour as passive, controlled and determined by external environment. Hence human beings are dehumanized without their intention, individualism and freedom taken into account in viewing and interpreting social reality. According to the critics of this paradigm, objectivity needs to be replaced by subjectivity in the process of scientific inquiry. Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology, founded in the 1960s by the American sociologist Harold Garfinkel, studies the way in which people make sense of their social world, and accomplish their daily lives. Ethnomethodologists start with the assumption that social order is an illusion. While social life appears ordered, it is, in fact chaotic. Social order is constructed in the minds of ac tors as a series of impressions which they seek to organize into a coherent pattern. While ethnography seeks to answer questions about what is happening, ethnomethodology seeks answers on how realities in everyday life are accomplished. So, by carefully observing and analyzing the processes used in actors’ actions, researchers will uncover the processes by which these actors constantly interpret social reality. 4 Structural functionalism Structural functionalism, also known as a social systems paradigm is a sociological paradigm which addresses what social functions various elements of the social system perform in regard to the entire system. Social structures are stressed and placed at the center of analysis, and social functions are deduced from these structures. It was developed by Talcott Parsons. The central concern of structural-functionalism was a continuation of the Durkheimian task of explaining the apparent stability and internal cohesion of societies which are necessary to ensure their continued existence over time. Societies are seen as coherent, bounded and fundamentally relational constructs, who function like organisms, with their various parts (social institutions) working together to maintain and reproduce them. The various parts of society are assumed to work in an unconscious, quasi-automatic fashion towards the maintenance of the overall social equilibrium. All social and cultural phenomena are therefore seen as being functional in the sense of working together to achieve this state and are effectively deemed to have a life of their own. They are then primarily analysed in terms of this function they play. Individuals are significant not in and of themselves but in terms of their status, their position in patterns of social relations, and their roles the behavior(s) associated with their status. The social structure is then the network of statuses connected by associated roles. 5 Quantitative and Qualitative Quantitative research is research that aims to measure using numbers. Typical forms of quantitative research are surveys, in which many respondents are asked questions and their answers averaged and other statistics calculated and research based on administrative data where for example the number of people who have been patients in a hospital each month is counted. The aim is to create numerical description through a process of ‘coding’ verbal or textual data Qualitative research most often describes scenes, gathers data through interviews, or analyzes the meaning of documents. Here one creates an account or description without numerical scores In practice, the distinction between quantitative and qualitative is not absolute. Even in qualitative studies, it is common to count how many informants fall into one or other category HYPOTHESIS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1 Qualities of a good hypothesis A hypothesis is a preliminary or tentative explanation or postulate by the researcher of what the researcher considers the outcome of an investigation will be. It is an informed/educated guess. It indicates the expectations of the researcher regarding certain variables. It is the most specific way in which an answer to a problem can be stated. E. g. If you hit a child with a cane, she will cry. Both a hypothesis and a problem contribute to the body of knowledge which supports or refutes an existing theory. A hypothesis differs from a problem. A problem is formulated in the form of a research question; it serves as the basis or origin from which a hypothesis is derived. A hypothesis is a suggested solution to a problem. A problem (question) cannot be directly tested, whereas a hypothesis can be tested and verified. (i) Hypothesis should be clear and precise. If the hypothesis is not clear and precise, the inferences drawn on its basis cannot be taken as reliable. (ii) Hypothesis should be capable of being tested. In a swamp of untestable hypotheses, many a time the research programmes have bogged down. Some prior study may be done by researcher in order to make hypothesis a testable one. A hypothesis â€Å"is testable if other deductions can be made from it which, in turn, can be confirmed or disproved by observation. † (iii) Hypothesis should state relationship between variables, if it happens to be a relational hypothesis. iv) Hypothesis should be limited in scope and must be specific. A researcher must remember that narrower hypotheses are generally more testable and he should develop such hypotheses. (v) Hypothesis should be stated as far as possible in most simple terms so that the same is easily understandable by all concerned. But one must remember that simplicity of hypothesis has nothing to do with its significance. (vi) Hypothesis should be consistent with most known facts i. e. , it must be consistent with a substantial body of established facts. In other words, it should be one which judges accept as being the most likely. (vii) Hypothesis should be amenable to testing within a reasonable time. One should not use even an excellent hypothesis, if the same cannot be tested in reasonable time for one cannot spend a life-time collecting data to test it. (viii) Hypothesis must explain the facts that gave rise to the need for explanation. This means that by using the hypothesis plus other known and accepted generalizations, one should be able to deduce the original problem condition. Thus hypothesis must actually explain what it claims to explain; it should have empirical reference. 2 Qualities of a good research question. In order to be systematic, clearly defined and specific, a research question must be researchable. To be researchable, a research question should have the following characteristics: i. Interesting The research question needs to be interesting to the researcher because without the ongoing motivation and enthusiasm of the researcher through out the duration of the project, the research project risks ultimate failure. If one is passionate or curious about the issue or problem under scrutiny, maintaining momentum in the research process becomes easier and the product more satisfying. ii. Relevant The question should also be interesting and relevant to the research community of which the research forms a part. Research is generally of interest to a research community when it makes a contribution to the collective knowledge base of a study area or discipline. The orientation is to find a question, an unresolved controversy, a gap in knowledge or an unrequited need within the chosen subject. It is therefore desirable to maintain a balance between the specific research interests of the researcher and the interests of the research community as a whole iii. Feasible The research question should be stated in such a way that the project is feasible and has specific bounderies that make the project delimited and doable. Consideration needs to be given to the costs of the project, the time frame in which it is to be completed, the time and skills of the researcher(s) undertaking the project, and whether the access to research participants and information needed to complete the project are likely to be available. iv. Ethical It is desirable to reflect on the ethical dimensions of the research problemwhen institutional ethical procedures are required for project approval. Considering these issues from the outset, and embedding these considerations in the research question, will help to ensure that the research projectfulfils its ethical obligations, both professionally and institutionally. v. Concise The research question should be well articulated, its terms clearly defined, with as much precision as possible in written language. For example, research projects usually have a broad overarching theoretical frameworkthat informs the area of interest under scrutiny. The theoretical background however needs to be more specifically formulated and can be articulated in terms of specific concepts that are derived from previous theorizations and defined in terms of specific words or phrases in the research question. Research questions specify object(s) of research i. e social entities relationships and processes that are under scrutiny by the researcher. vi. Answerable The research question should be answerable. In order to make a research question answerable, it is desirable in the initial formulation of the research question to use an interrogative form eg who what when how which and why.

Reporte consular para ciudadanía por derecho de sangre

Reporte consular para ciudadanà ­a por derecho de sangre El reporte consular de nacimiento en el extranjero prueba que una persona nacida fuera de Estados Unidos es ciudadana americana por derecho de sangre. Es el equivalente al acta o certificado de nacimiento que se emite a todas las personas que nacen en los EEUU. Y este reporte sirve para demostrar que se es ciudadano americano, para poder sacar el pasaporte y para obtener otros beneficios que corresponden por la ciudadanà ­a como Medicaid, Chip, etc en el caso de ir a vivir a USA. Datos bsicos de la ciudadanà ­a americana La nacionalidad de los Estados Unidos puede adquirirse por cinco caminos distintos. La mayorà ­a la adquieren por lo que se conoce derecho de suelo, pero este artà ­culo trata de un caso especial que tambià ©n es relativamente frecuente: la obtencià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a por derecho de sangre.   Es decir, un  menor adquire la ciudadanà ­a americana a pesar de haber nacido en otro paà ­s porque el padre, la madre o ambos son americanos en el momento en el que tuvo lugar su nacimiento. Quià ©n puede solicitar el reporte consular de nacimiento en el extranjero, cundo y cunto cuesta Para poder solicitr el reporte consular es necesario que la nacionalidad estadounidense cumpla todos los requisitos para transmitirse. No es suficiente que el pap o la mam sea ciudadano de los Estados Unidos. Los requisitos son distintos segà ºn el progenitor estadounidense sea el padre o la madre o ambos y tambià ©n de su estado civil. Si se cumple lo que establece la ley, entonces se podr solicitar el reporte consular. El padre o la madre que es ciudadano estadounidense (o ambos, si es el caso) son los autorizados para pedir el reporte consular. Tambià ©n puede hacerlo cualquier padre, si tiene una orden judicial en la que se le reconoce en exclusividad la guardia y custodia sobre el menor. Incluso es posible que el padre o la madre americana autoricen a otra persona a que realice la peticià ³n. En este caso, se necesitar una declaracià ³n jurada notarizada concediendo la autorizacià ³n. Adems, debe solicitarse antes de que el nià ±o o la nià ±a cumplan los 18 aà ±os de edad. Pero es muy recomendable que se haga cuanto antes, incluso inmediatamente despuà ©s del nacimiento. En todo caso, debe solicitarse antes de que el menor viaje a los Estados Unidos por primera vez. Esta gestià ³n tiene, en la actualidad, un costo de $100. Cà ³mo se tramita el Reporte Consular de Nacimiento en el Extranjero El primer paso es ir a la pgina de internet de la oficina consular ms cercana y seguir las instrucciones para hacer una cita para solicitar el reporte (CRBA, por sus iniciales en inglà ©s). A continuacià ³n hay que preparar y conseguir la documentacià ³n que se necesita para ir a la cita al consulado. Primero, hay que rellenar el formulario DS-2029. Es muy importante recordar no firmarlo, ya que ese es un paso que se debe hacer ante el oficial consular. Tampoco se debe rellenar los apartados 28/29 y 30, que lo har el cà ³nsul. Adems, es necesario aportar la siguiente documentacià ³n: 1. -El acta de nacimiento del nià ±o. Es fundamental que conste el nombre completo, correcto y debidamente deletreado del padre y de la madre (salvo en los casos de maternidad en solitario). 2.- Prueba de que el padre, la madre o ambos son ciudadanos americanos. La mejor forma de probarlo es con un pasaporte estadounidense en vigor. Otros documentos que se admiten son el acta de nacimiento, si ha nacido en Estados Unidos, o el certificado de naturalizacià ³n, si nacià ³ en otro paà ­s, emigrà ³ a EEUU y en algà ºn momento en el pasado obtuvo la ciudadanà ­a americana. 3.- Si se est casado, prueba del matrimonio. Asimismo, si se ha estado casado con anterioridad es necesario mostrar un documento que acredite cà ³mo acabà ³ el matrimonio anterior: viudedad, divorcio o anulacià ³n. 4.- Una declaracià ³n jurada por parte del progenitor estadounidense que se llama Affidavit of Parentage, Physical Presence and Support. En dicha declaracià ³n el padre o la madre juran que han vivido en Estados Unidos el tiempo necesario para poder transmitirle su nacionalidad al hijo o hija nacidos en el extranjero. Y es que no basta con ser americano, hay que haber vivido en USA cierto nà ºmero de aà ±os y poder demostrarlo. Tener presente que las reglas son diferentes segà ºn el caso. Se piden distintos aà ±os de residencia en EEUU segà ºn se trate de padre o madre o si estn solteros o casados. Adems, no basta con declarar que se ha vivido el tiempo requerido, hay que poder demostrarlo con documentacià ³n como por ejemplo: registros escolares, pasaportes anteriores, pago de impuestos, cotizaciones al Seguro Social, rà ©cords mà ©dicos, contratos o facturas a su nombre, rà ©cord militar, etc. Recibir el Certificado de Registro de Nacimiento en el Exterior Los consulados tramitan esta gestià ³n, pero el documento se emite en Estados Unidos. Por lo tanto hay que indicar dà ³nde se quiere recibir, dndose la opcià ³n de una direccià ³n en Estados Unidos, en el paà ­s de residencia (en algunos casos) o en la oficina consular. En otras palabras, el dà ­a de la entrevista no se saldr del consulado con el certificado en la mano. Consejos a tener en cuenta Los documentos deben ser originales o copias autentificadas por la autoridad que las emite con el sello oficial correspondiente. No sirven fotocopias ni tampoco copias notarizadas. Salvo casos muy excepcionales, siempre se devuelven esta documentacià ³n. Las reglas que regulan la transmisià ³n de la nacionalidad americana de padres a hijos cuando à ©stos nacen en el extranjero ha cambiado a lo largo de los aà ±os. En los casos de duda, hay siempre que verificar quà © ley aplicaba en el momento del nacimiento del hijo de un americano.   Adems, hay que tener en cuenta que aunque hoy en dà ­a es muy difà ­cil perder la nacionalidad americana, hasta hace recientemente poco tiempo eso no era asà ­. Para estos casos a veces es posible recuperar la ciudadanà ­a. Por à ºltimo, cuando un ciudadano americano no puede transmitir a su hijo la nacionalidad por no cumplir con el requisito de nà ºmero de aà ±os vividos en EEUU, a veces es posible tramitar para ese menor una naturalizacià ³n especial adquiriendo la ciudadanà ­a por los abuelos. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asistencia legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

Discussion Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Discussion Questions - Coursework Example In practice, this could be used by introducing barriers, gates and out of bounds limitations so as to control traffic. Such move and an organisation would prevent the criminals who may have a getaway vehicle from being concealed within the premises of the building. In the same breadth and line of thought, the clearly defined exits seal all the prospective loopholes where the criminals may slip and run away from the buildings and places of target. In rhetoric sense and aspect, one ought to ask the questions: is it possible for a person to enter or leave the place without being accounted for or being noticed? Are there other entry/exit places such as rooftops? It is my reasoned view and humble submission that I would educate other people by putting signs and posts in big connotations on the benefits of security in the place. For instance, help them develop behavioral patterns such that if they see a stranger they ought to report them to the security office. In the concept and aspect of natural surveillance, criminals tend to operate in an environment where they are less visible and anonymous. Thus, surveillance refers to the aspect and instance where the place or location is visible and closely monitored by designate officials at all times. In the conventional and common wisdom, there are two approaches and perspectives to accomplish these. To begin with, there is the aspect of having well defined sight lines which are manned and controlled by video and CCTV cameras. Secondly, there is the notion of articulating social interactions and cohesion where each person assumes the role and duty of surveying and maintaining security. This is critical so as to ensure that all people or all the activities that would be happening at the place would be accounted for and be seen by all the others without hustles. The social interactions on their part ensures that there are security

Human Resource policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human Resource policy - Essay Example Positive action approach has been adopted by most of the organizations to ensure diversity and gender and racial balance is attained (Roberts & Institute of Personnel and Development, pp 22). Positive action is a termed used to refer to the measures which are employed by companies and organizations to counteract the negative impacts of discrimination in employment and also to help reduce stereotyping and this discrimination. However, positive action is not meant to bring about favorable treatment for some people who are marginalized. While employing people using the positive action, employers are not to employ unqualified individuals. Positive action is an initiative which is used to help employers encourage some certain groups of people who inequitably represented in the employment sector to apply for promotions and jobs. Due to the previous discrimination in work places, some people feel unworthy or unfit to apply for jobs in certain areas either because of their lifestyle, race or background and at times because of past experiences which such people could have encountered in other organizations which made them believe that they may not be welcome in other companies as their employees. Positive action initiatives have been made legal by some particular sections of the law although different it raises different questions regarding cases of positive discrimination which can arise while employing the positive action during recruitment and selection processes (Roberts & Institute of Personnel and Development, pp 28-33). Recruitment and selection techniques While carrying out the recruitment and selection process, the human resource department uses different approaches to ensure that the best candidates are selected and appointed for particular posts. While implementing the positive action policy, the human resource department should ensure that the form of technique being employed would enhance this practice rather than hindering it. While deciding on the right technique to employ while carrying out the recruitment and selection process, it is vital to ensure that the selection technique would meet the needs of an organization. Also, the technique being employed should meet the requirements of the company. The kind of posts being filled also determines the kind of recruitment and selection process or technique (Roberts & Institute of Personnel and Development, pp 55). One of the major techniques which is employed while carrying out the selection and recruitment process is use of interviews. This process begins with advertising whereby a vacant post is advertised to the public and/ or employees and they are invited to apply for the post. This attracts a pool of applicants from whom a few are selected based on merits and other qualifications which the company or an organization deems necessary. In cases where positive action is being employed, the advert put forward should clearly state so to ensure that the advert attracts the attention of the under represented individuals in an organization. So as to attract the desired individuals while advertising for jobs using positive action policy, an organization may advertise job vacancies in minority ethnic media or other media means which are bound to reach the target group more efficiently especially. This is more so when an organization wishes to attract diverse cultures or races. During the